“I study so that I can speak Japanese.”
In Japanese, both sentences express “Purpose.” However, we use different grammar points: ために (tame ni) and ように (yō ni).
- ために (tame ni): In order to (Strong Will / Action)
- ように (yō ni): So that (State / Potential / Negative)
Choosing the wrong one is a very common mistake for N4-N3 learners. This article will explain the simple rule to distinguish them!
Usage Explanation ①: 〜ために (tame ni) – “In order to”
ために (tame ni) expresses a strong purpose or goal. The subject *controls* the action.
It is used with Volitional Verbs (Action verbs that you decide to do). It means “I do A *in order to* achieve B.”
Pattern: Dictionary Form + ために
- Example 1: (Action)
- 日本(にほん)へ行(い)くために、貯金(ちょきん)しています。(Nihon e iku tame ni, chokin shite imasu.)
I am saving money in order to go to Japan.
- Example 2: (Buying)
- 車(くるま)を買(か)うために、働(はたら)きます。(Kuruma o kau tame ni, hatarakimasu.)
I work in order to buy a car.
- Example 3: (Noun)
- 家族(かぞく)のために、頑張(がんば)ります。(Kazoku no tame ni, ganbarimasu.)
I do my best for the sake of my family.
Key Point: Use ために when you have a direct “Will” to do the action. (I *will* go, I *will* buy).
Usage Explanation ②: 〜ように (yō ni) – “So that”
ように (yō ni) expresses a wish for a state or result. The focus is on the *outcome*.
It is used with Non-Volitional Verbs. These include:
- Potential Verbs (Can do… / Hanaseru, Ikeru)
- Intransitive Verbs (State changes / Naoru, Aku)
- Negative Forms (Not to… / Wasurenai)
Pattern: Verb (Plain/Potential/Negative) + ように
- Example 1: (Potential – Can)
- 日本語(にほんご)が話(はな)せるように、勉強(べんきょう)します。(Nihongo ga hanaseru yō ni, benkyō shimasu.)
I study so that I can speak Japanese.
- Example 2: (Negative – Not to)
- 忘(わす)れないように、メモします。(Wasurenai yō ni, memo shimasu.)
I take notes so that I don’t forget.
- Example 3: (State Change)
- 病気(びょうき)が治(なお)るように、薬(くすり)を飲(の)みます。(Byōki ga naoru yō ni, kusuri o nomimasu.)
I take medicine so that my illness gets better.
Key Point: If the verb is “Can…” (Potential) or “Not…” (Negative), always use ように.
Comparison: 〜ために vs 〜ように
Check the verb before the particle!
| Grammar | Meaning | Verb Type | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| ために (tame ni) |
In order to (For the sake of) |
Volitional Action (Will / Do) 行く、食べる、買う |
家を買うために (To buy a house) |
| ように (yō ni) |
So that (Target state) |
Non-Volitional 1. Potential (Can) 2. Negative (Not) 3. Intransitive (Become) |
家が買えるように (So that I can buy) 忘れないように (So I don’t forget) |
Common Mistake Examples
Mistake 1: Potential verb with “Tame ni”
- Wrong:
- 日本に行けるために、貯金します。(Nihon ni ikeru tame ni…)
- Correct:
- 日本に行けるように、貯金します。(Nihon ni ikeru yō ni…)
- Why?
- “Ikeru” (Can go) is a state of ability (Potential). You must use ように.
Mistake 2: Negative verb with “Tame ni”
- Wrong:
- 遅(おく)れないために、走(はし)りました。(Okurenai tame ni…)
- Correct:
- 遅(おく)れないように、走(はし)りました。(Okurenai yō ni…)
- Why?
- For negative purpose (“so that I don’t…”), always use 〜ないように.
Practice Quiz
Let’s check your understanding! Choose the correct one.
Q1.
プロの選手(せんしゅ)に ( ) 、毎日練習(まいにちれんしゅう)しています。
I practice every day to become a pro player.
- なるために (naru tame ni)
- なるように (naru yō ni)
(Hint: “Become” is a conscious goal here.)
Q2.
後ろ(うしろ)の人(ひと)にも ( ) 、大きな声(こえ)で話(はな)しました。
I spoke loudly so that the people in the back could hear.
- 聞こえるために (kikoeru tame ni)
- 聞こえるように (kikoeru yō ni)
Q3.
風邪(かぜ)を ( ) 、手(て)を洗(あら)います。
I wash my hands so that I don’t catch a cold.
- 引かないために (hikanai tame ni)
- 引かないように (hikanai yō ni)
Quiz Answers
Q1. (a) なるために – “Become” (naru) can be volitional here. You are striving for it. (Using ‘yō ni’ is also possible if focusing on the state, but ‘tame ni’ is standard for a strong goal).
Q2. (b) 聞こえるように – “Kikoeru” (be audible) is intransitive/potential nature. It describes a state.
Q3. (b) 引かないように – Negative verb (“Not to catch”). Use ように.
Summary: The Golden Rule
- ために: I will do it! (Action / Will).
- ように: So that I can… / So that I don’t… (Potential / Negative / State).
Also, remember 「〜ようにする」 (yō ni suru). It means “to make an effort to do” or “try to do.”
Ex: 野菜(やさい)を食べるようにしています。(I try to eat vegetables.)
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Q1: Can I use “tame ni” with negative verbs?
- A1: No, you usually cannot. If you want to say “so that I do NOT…”, you must use 〜ないように (nai yō ni). Example: 忘れないように (So that I don’t forget).
- Q2: What is “〜ようにする” (yō ni suru)?
- A2: 〜ようにする means “to make an effort to” or “to try to.” It focuses on creating a habit or a state. Example: 野菜を食べるようにしています (I try to eat vegetables).
- Q3: Why is “Japanese ga hanaseru tame ni” wrong?
- A3: Because “hanaseru” (can speak) is a Potential Verb (Ability/State). “Tame ni” needs a Volitional Verb (Action). With potential verbs, you must use 〜ように. Correct: 日本語が話せるように…
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