“He works as a doctor.”
In Japanese, these two sentences use different grammar points that look very similar: として (toshite) and にして (nishite). Both connect to nouns, but their meanings are completely different.
として (Toshite) = Role / Capacity (“As…”)
にして (Nishite) = Time / State (“At…” or “And also”)
This article will explain this N3 grammar difference simply.
Usage Explanation ①: 「として」 (toshite) – “As” (Role)
として (toshite) is used to indicate a Role, Position, or Capacity.
It translates to “As…” or “In the capacity of…”. It explains from what standpoint someone is doing something.
Pattern: Noun + として
- Example 1: (Role)
- 彼(かれ)は、医者(いしゃ)として 働(はたら)いています。(Kare wa, isha toshite hataraite imasu.)
He is working as a doctor.
- Example 2: (Position)
- 留学生(りゅうがくせい)として 日本(にほん)に来(き)ました。(Ryūgakusei toshite Nihon ni kimashita.)
I came to Japan as an international student.
- Example 3: (Category)
- これは、お土産(みやげ)として 買(か)いました。(Kore wa, omiyage toshite kaimashita.)
I bought this as a souvenir.
Key Point: として answers the question “In what role?” or “As what?”.
Usage Explanation ②: 「にして」 (nishite) – “At” or “And”
にして (nishite) has two main meanings in N3/N2 grammar. It sounds a bit formal or emphatic.
1. Time/Age Emphasis (“At”)
It emphasizes a specific time, age, or stage. Often used to express surprise at an achievement at that age.
- Example 1:
- 彼(かれ)は、20歳(はたち)にして 社長(しゃちょう)になった。(Kare wa, hatachi nishite shachō ni natta.)
He became president at (the young age of) 20.
2. Two States (“And also”)
It connects two nouns, meaning someone is “A and also B” at the same time.
- Example 2:
- 彼女(かのじょ)は、歌手(かしゅ)にして 女優(じょゆう)です。(Kanojo wa, kashu nishite joyū desu.)
She is a singer and (also) an actress.
Key Point: にして emphasizes a point in time/age or connects two titles.
Comparison: として vs にして
Let’s compare the functions.
| Grammar | Meaning | Nuance | Example |
|---|---|---|---|
| として (toshite) |
As… | Role, Position, Purpose | 先生として教える。 (Teach as a teacher.) |
| にして (nishite) |
At… / And… | Time Emphasis, Dual Role (Formal) | 天才にして努力家。 (A genius and hard worker.) |
Common Mistake Examples
Mistake 1: “Working as a manager”
- Wrong:
- 私は、店長(てんちょう)にして 働(はたら)いています。(Watashi wa, tenchō nishite hataraite imasu.)
- Correct:
- 私は、店長(てんちょう)として 働(はたら)いています。(Watashi wa, tenchō toshite hataraite imasu.)
- Why?
- “Working” requires a role. You work *in the capacity of* a manager. So, use として.
Mistake 2: “At the age of 18”
- Wrong:
- 18歳(さい)として、車(くるま)を買(か)いました。(18-sai toshite, kuruma o kaimashita.)
- Correct:
- 18歳(さい)にして、車(くるま)を買(か)いました。(18-sai nishite, kuruma o kaimashita.)
- Why?
- “As an 18-year-old” is possible, but usually, when mentioning buying a car young, you emphasize the *age/time*. にして (or simply で) fits better.
Practice Quiz
Let’s check your understanding! Choose the correct phrase.
Q1.
これ、お礼(れい) ( ) 受(う)け取(と)ってください。
Please accept this ( ) a token of thanks.
- として (toshite)
- にして (nishite)
Q2.
彼(かれ)は、科学者(かがくしゃ) ( ) ミュージシャンでもあります。
He is a scientist ( ) also a musician.
- として (toshite)
- にして (nishite)
Q3.
私(わたし)は、プロの選手(せんしゅ) ( ) 試合(しあい)に出(で)ます。
I will appear in the match ( ) a professional player.
- として (toshite)
- にして (nishite)
Quiz Answers
Q1. (a) として – “As” a token of thanks (Purpose/Role).
Q2. (b) にして – “And also” (Connecting two titles).
Q3. (a) として – “As” a pro player (Role/Position).
Summary: Key Differences
- として (toshite): Use for Role. “As a…”
- にして (nishite): Use for Time Emphasis or Dual State. “At…” / “And also…”
Most of the time in daily life, you will use として (As)!
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
- Q1: Can I use “toshite” for my age?
- A1: It is uncommon. If you say “20歳として” (As a 20-year-old), it emphasizes the role or viewpoint of being 20. Usually, we use “20歳で” (at 20) or “20歳にして” (at the age of 20 – emphatic).
- Q2: Is “nishite” polite?
- A2: Yes, にして (nishite) often sounds a bit literary or formal. In casual conversation, people usually use で (de). Example: “30歳で社長になった” vs “30歳にして社長になった”.
- Q3: What is “toshite wa”?
- A3: Adding は (wa) adds contrast or emphasis. “私としては…” means “As for me / From my viewpoint…”.
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